Archive for November, 2009

From:
BrainStuff Blog

Interesting Reading #366

November 30th, 2009 by Marshall Brain
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Networked surveillance minicopters can’t be kept down – “The helicopter in this video may weigh only 30 grams, but it carries a compass and motion sensors, can change course and warn fellow craft of obstacles it bumps into, and could even carry a small camera. It can also resist what might be called a King Kong attack – if swatted out of the air the tiny craft soon recovers and takes off again…”

Making the first computer virus – “If you’ve ever had to spend a lot of money on antivirus software, you’d be forgiven for wanting to take Dr Fred Cohen aside for, to put it politely, a few choice words…”

Murdoch’s wink – “Of course, there has always been a way to break out of the prison: If a critical mass of newspapers were to opt out of Google’s search engine simultaneously, they would suddenly gain substantial market power. Newspapers are struggling, but they remain, by far, the world’s dominant producers of hard news. That gives them, as a group, a great deal of leverage over companies like Google who depend on a steady stream of good, fresh online content. Google needs newspapers at least as much as newspapers need Google – a fact that’s been largely hidden up to now…”

How the Large Hadron Collider Works:

Paper-thin Batteries Made from Algae – “Imagine wrapping paper that could be a gift in and of itself because it lights up with words like “Happy Birthday.” That is one potential application of a new biodegradable battery made of cellulose, the stuff of paper…”

Blind man fitted with ‘bionic’ eye sees for first time in 30 years – “A blind man who thought he would never be able to read again has had his vision partially restored after being fitted with a ‘bionic’ eye. Peter Lane, 51, is one of the first people in the world to have electronic receivers implanted into his eye which send signals mounted in a pair of glasses to the brain….”

Causes of death

I should say it is the most complicated photograph I have ever made… – “Between August 30th 1998 and August 19th 1999 I have photographed the Sun 36 times on a single frame of 60-mm film…”

The advantage of superconducting cables

Weight loss drug targets body not brain – “Medical researchers in Sydney say they have developed a weight loss drug that could change the way the body uses fat. Scientists from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research say the new drug can control weight gain in mice by stopping the body from receiving certain signals from the brain…”

Which chart should I use?

From solar energy to hydrogen: there’s no step two – “Researchers have figured out how to directly couple a cheap and simple photovoltaic system to an equally cheap and simple catalyst that can split water, releasing hydrogen that can be used as fuel…”

Spin success for silicon – “Replacing electron charge with electron spin paves the way for a new mode of computing…”

8-bit device quenches iPhone envy – “The demo video embedded after the break details the device playing video, rendering 3D objects, and displaying pictures and ebooks with touch scrolling. All of this is running at 60 fps for a smooth picture. The whole thing is no larger than the 320×240 LCD that he salvaged from a broken MP3 player. An Atmel AVR ATmega644 microcontroller ties together the display, a resistive touch screen, and a microSD card for storage. The chip also controls the backlight, a Lithium Polymer battery, and uses USB for PC connectivity, charging, and even a mouse or keyboard interface. He etched the PCB himself for surface mount components and managed to do it with just four jumpers needed on the underside…” Demo:

Solar Power Costs 50% Lower than Last Year – “New research by leading alternative energy research firm New Energy Finance finds that solar power will cost less by about 50% at the end of 2009 compared to the end of 2008…”

50 Style Thoughts – “With any rule, there is at least one exception, except for #1, #3 and #8 above…”

The Billion-Year Technology Gap: Could One Exist – “Are we the lone sentient life in the universe? So far, we have no evidence to the contrary, and yet the odds that not one single other planet has evolved intelligent life would appear, from a statistical standpoint, to be quite small. There are an estimated 250 billion (2.5 x 10¹¹ ) stars in the Milky Way alone, and over 70 sextillion (7 x 10²² ) in the visible universe, and many of them are surrounded by multiple planets…”

Tracking a trail of trash in the Pacific Northwest – “O’Connor and Shannon Cheng are volunteers in a study tracking their trash — and giving them the opportunity to reflect on what they use and discard. The tracking devices are about the size of small cell phones and allow for near-real-time tracking of thousands of pieces of garbage…”

Smartphones Could Form Chemical Detection Networks -”A NASA scientist has unveiled a postage-stamp-sized sensor that can plug into an iPhone and convert Apple’s beloved product into a mobile chemical detector…”

The ’00s: Goodbye (at Last) to the Decade From Hell – “Bookended by 9/11 at the start and a financial wipeout at the end, the first 10 years of this century will very likely go down as the most dispiriting and disillusioning decade Americans have lived through in the post–World War II era…”

Food Stamp Use Soars, and Stigma Fades – “With food stamp use at record highs and climbing every month, a program once scorned as a failed welfare scheme now helps feed one in eight Americans and one in four children…”

Are We Going to Let John Die? – “John’s story is not so unusual. A Harvard study, to be published next month in the American Journal of Public Health, suggests that almost 45,000 Americans die prematurely each year as a consequence of not having insurance. John may become one of them…”

Why the hammerhead shark got its hammer – “It’s one of evolution’s most eccentric creations: a head shaped like a hammer. Now, a study suggests that the hammerhead shark may have evolved its oddly shaped snout to boost the animal’s vision and hunting prowess…” See also: Hammerhead shark mystery solved

Oceans Absorbing Carbon Dioxide More Slowly, Scientist Finds – “The world’s oceans are absorbing less carbon dioxide (CO2), a Yale geophysicist has found after pooling data taken over the past 50 years. With the oceans currently absorbing over 40 percent of the CO2 emitted by human activity, this could quicken the pace of climate change, according to the study…”

Kiss my cytomegalovirus! – “Mouth to mouth sexual kissing is seen in more than 90% of human cultures. Various theories have been put forward to account for this but none offer a full explanation within an evolutionary framework…”

Pics of the flu virus and some its components – “We talk so much about the flu virus we thought we’d show you some nice pics that CDC has just put up…”

High-fat diet reduces anxiety and depression – “According to an Australian study performed on young rats, the eating of ‘comfort foods’,–that is, high-fat foods–can likely reverse the damaging effects of early trauma, such as stress, anxiety, and depression, in humans…”

[[[Jump to Interesting Reading #365]]]

From:
Stuff You Missed in History Class Blog

The Wicked City That Sank

November 30th, 2009 by Katie Lambert
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No, the wicked city wasn’t Sodom or Gomorrah — it was Port Royal, Jamaica.

The English, after failing to capture Hispaniola from Spain for Oliver Cromwell, grabbed up Jamaica instead in 1655. In the later part of the century, Port Royal was one of the biggest English cities in the Americas (along with Boston).

Port Royal had a lucky location, trade-wise: right at the separation between Kingston Harbor and the Caribbean. The deep water near the shore also made it easy for ships to unload and reload cargo.

The city became very wealthy, largely due to privateering and piracy.

Port Royal was riding high and just beginning to understand what kind of money could be made from plantation owning as opposed to piracy when tragedy struck.

Although the city’s location was lucky for trade, it was disastrous in terms of stability: It was located on a sand spit not far above the water table.

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From:
Keep Asking Blog

How long does it take a solar panel to heat water?

November 30th, 2009 by Marshall Brain
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You Asked:

How long does it take a solar panel to heat water? — Howard, Tel Aviv, Israel

Marshall Brain Answers:

There are several variables that we have to take into account. They include:
- The strength of the sun
- The size of the panel
- The efficiency of the panel
- The amount of water you want to heat
- The weather (obviously you get far less heating on a cloudy/rainy day)

The thing that determines the strength of the sun is the angle of the sun in the sky. For example, the sun is very weak at sunset because it is so low in the sky. Let’s assume that we are talking about heating water at noon in the summer near the equator so it has maximum strength.

Under optimal conditions like this, on a clear day, the sun delivers about one kilowatt of energy per square meter. If a one-square-meter panel is gathering that energy with 100% efficiency for one hour, it is possible to collect one kilowatt-hour of heat.

A kilowatt-hour of heat is equal to 860,000 calories or 860 Calories. And a Calorie can heat one liter of water one degree C. So if you have10 liters of water, you can heat it 86 degrees C with a one-square-meter panel at 100% efficiency. If the water starts at room temperature, that means you can get 10 liters of water boiling in a little less than an hour, assuming it starts at room temperature and there are no losses. If you have 100 liters of water on the other hand, you can heat it 8.6 degrees C in one hour.

In reality, you won’t always be collecting sunlight at the equator at noon, and you won’t be collecting it with 100% efficiency. Let’s say, on average, that the angle of the sun plus the efficiency of the collector cuts the collecting capacity in half. In that case, a one-square-meter panel can heat 10 liters of water 43 degrees C, and 100 liters of water 4.3 degrees C. By playing with the efficiency number, the size of the panel and the amount of water, you can find a solution that meets your needs.

Here is an example of a solar collector. He claims it will boil a pot of water in 15 to 20 minutes using a 6-foot diameter collector:

More info:
- Build an inexpensive solar collector that works
- What if wind turbines were used exclusively for battery recharging of electric cars?
- Watching the performance of a real photovoltaic solar roof in action

From:
Keep Asking Blog

Is it possible to put a car in reverse while driving fast?

November 30th, 2009 by Marshall Brain
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You Asked:

Is it possible to put a car in reverse while driving fast? — Karthik, Chennai, India

Marshall Brain Answers:

The short answer is no.

If you have a modern automatic transmission car, there are electronic systems in place that will prevent you from doing it.

If you have a manual transmission car, the gearing is such that it is impossible. If you look at the photo and description on this page, you can see why. You would be trying to jam an idler gear between two gears that are spinning in opposite directions, and it simply isn’t going to happen. You may hear grinding noises, but that’s about it because there is no way for the gear to engage.

If you want to see an actual attempt to put an automatic transmission and a manual transmission into reverse, Mythbusters delivers:

Nothing happens in either case.

For more info see:
- How Automatic Transmissions Work
- How Manual Transmissions Work
- What Would Happen If You Put Your Car In Reverse While Driving?

From:
High Speed Stuff Blog

How Embarrassing

November 30th, 2009 by Scott C. Benjamin
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So, late last week I was at Trader Joe’s picking up a gift certificate for my aunt’s birthday. She really loves that place. And as I pulled my car into the parking lot, I witnessed (well, nearly witnessed) an unusual incident. Just seconds earlier, an elderly woman had driven her Dodge Neon completely over a parking barrier (all four wheels) and into a brick wall. Now, I know what you’re probably thinking: How embarrassing. A Dodge Neon?

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From:
Keep Asking Blog

Which animal is the smartest?

November 30th, 2009 by Marshall Brain
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You Asked:

Which animal is the smartest? — Cierra, Franklin, Ind.

Marshall Brain Answers:

Human beings are animals, and human beings are the smartest by most definitions. Humans use and/or enjoy language, mathematics, science, music, art, maps, tools, etc. None of the other animals do these kinds of “smart” things in any significant way.

If we want to ignore human beings, then some of the other contenders on the next rung down include elephants, dolphins and other primates. All in all, primates win because of their manual dexterity and language skills. This video shows the ability of a bonobo named Kanzi to understand novel sentences:

More info on bonobos: How Bonobos Work

If you eliminate mammals, then crows are definite contenders for the smartest animal. See Are crows the smartest birds? and Have crows bring you treasures for more info.

From:
Keep Asking Blog

Do energy drinks really work?

November 30th, 2009 by Marshall Brain
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You Asked:

Do energy drinks really work? — Joslynn, Trafalgar, Ind.

Marshall Brain Answers:

The answer to this question depends on what “really work” means. If it means “do energy drinks provide a short-term boost that helps keep people awake and feeling like the energizer bunny?”, then the answer is yes.

How do energy drinks create that effect? The most common ingredient for providing the boost is caffeine. As described in How caffeine works, caffeine mimics a chemical called adenosine, which makes people feel drowsy. Caffeine therefore replaces adenosine on receptor sites and eliminates the drowsy feeling. Energy drinks can contain a lot more caffeine than a normal soda of coffee would – so much that drinking too many energy drinks can cause overdose symptoms. This article points out that “400 mg of caffeine a day is the upper limit.”

As the marketplace for energy drinks has gotten more crowded, the drinks have started adding ingredients to make themselves unique. These ingredients can include everything from normal vitamins to exotics like Guarana seed (which is simply another source of caffeine). You can find more ingredients on this page and this page.

Sometimes the special ingredients go a little too far:

More info: How do energy drinks work?

From:
How-to Stuff Blog

How to Write a Letter to Santa

November 30th, 2009 by Molly Edmonds
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I don’t need to tell anyone who lived through Black Friday that Christmas is rapidly heading our way. This weekend, I overheard many children asking for a certain toy, only to be told that they’d have to ask Santa for the item. So how does a child go about doing so? I don’t know about you, but I’ve never trusted the North Pole workers who sit in malls. Yes, I know that Santa sent them, and they are his trusted emissaries, but I’d prefer my wants and desires to go straight to the big man himself.

That’s why I like to communicate in writing with Santa Claus. I figure my good penmanship and polite letter will help Santa remember that I belong on the “nice” list, not the “naughty” one.

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From:
Stuff You Missed in History Class Blog

This Week in History Podcasts: Giving Thanks, But Not for Opium

November 30th, 2009 by Katie Lambert
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On Monday’s podcast, Sarah and I talked about the Opium Wars. We realized we’d been on Western streak, so we’re branching out.

To understand the First and Second Opium Wars (1839-1842 and 1856-1860), you have to have a little background. The British had been trying to open up the Chinese market for years, to no avail. The Chinese were uninterested in the goods the British had to offer. The British, however, were importing tons of tea, along with silk, candy, spices and porcelain. This created a trade imbalance — lots of imports for the British, no exports. But they finally discovered something the Chinese did want: opium.

Wednesday’s podcast was about the first Thanksgiving.

Did your Thanksgiving dinner involve a lovely roasted swan? Perhaps a dish of eel? A scrumptious eagle? No? Then your feast didn’t accurately reflect its origins!

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From:
FanStuff Blog

A New Face at FanStuff

November 30th, 2009 by Tracy V. Wilson
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Confession time: In the last month, I’ve logged in to Google Reader and marked 1,000+ items as read in one fell swoop at least four times. And if you read FanStuff regularly, you’ve probably noticed that, aside from a flurry of activity leading up to Halloween, the blog’s been pretty quiet. There’s plenty of cool stuff happening in the worlds of TV, movies, music and games, and I could probably get to it all with the help of time dilation. But as it stands now, FanStuff needs more cowbell than I can provide by myself.

So, starting this week, HowStuffWorks editor Chanel Lee is going to be joining me at FanStuff. Find out more about her after the jump.

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