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5 Horrific Psychological Experiments – #1: The Milgram Experiment

by Josh Clark |

28 Comments | Add Comment

 

Back in 1961 at Yale University, a young psychologist named Stanley Milgram devised an ingenious experiment that managed to demonstrate just how utterly lost any hope is for humanity. The Milgram Experiment was above the board in all scientific respects, but as far revealing horror goes, it destroys all comers.

To get to the bottom of how malleable human conscience is in the face of authority, Milgram recruited nice, salt-of-the-earth, God-fearing New Haven, Conn., residents and asked them to serve as “teachers” in what he told them was a study to determine how negative reinforcement improves memory. The negative reinforcement in this case was a nasty little electric shock delivered anytime a “student” got an answer wrong. Seated at what they thought was a real machine, the teachers could clearly see their students seated in another room, strapped to a chair.

The teachers were instructed to ask words from a list the students were to have studied to test their memory. Whenever the student got an answer wrong, the teacher was told to pull a lever that delivered a shock to the student. The levers went from 15 volts (labeled “Slight Shock”) to 450 volts (“Danger – Severe Shock”). Each wrong answer led to an increase in voltage the next time.

Milgram went to great lengths to make the experiment appear as real as possible. The students acted as if they were really receiving increasingly life-threatening shocks, and a speaker in the room where the teachers sat before the machine broadcast prerecorded screams of agony.

Here’s the rub: Despite plainly seeing that their student had lost consciousness here or there and was in obvious pain, two-thirds of the teachers continued to pull levers when told the experiment must go on. Simply put, the normal people delivered painful and possibly deadly shocks simply because some guy they didn’t know told them to.

Rather than taking the results of his experiment to his grave, Milgram published them so we could all share in the despair.

Derren Brown on the Milgram Experiment:

More on HowStuffWorks.com:
How Electricity Works
How Pain Works
10 Science Experiments that Changed the World

 

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28 Comments

  • Ben Wilson says:

    I had a weird feeling this one would show up as number one.

  • Jon Emmett says:

    Ok, I did wonder how yesterday could be beat, but that just about manages it. Enough to get me commenting any way. Obviously, some people will just blindly do what they are told.

  • Pete Foltz says:

    I have to say, I don’t really see this as ‘horrific’. No one was actually hurt and the point of psychological experiments is to learn about the human mind.
    I hope that learning of this experiment will give people pause when faced with any situation where they are being told to do something, and actually THINK before blindly acting (where they might not have otherwise).

  • Hannah says:

    I think there are 2 things about this experiment that are definitely horrific.
    1 is that it’s not “some” people but “most” people who are willing to suspend their moral code just because they’re asked to. The authority in this experiment isn’t someone with any real power in their lives. They weren’t threatened with consequences of any kind. No voices were raised. They were asked nicely to inflict pain, and they did.
    2 is that they were thinking about it. This video shows some of it. The video I saw in psych class of the original experiment showed it better. They know what they’re doing is not right. You can see the indecision. People begin to sweat, to move restlessly, to rush through the questions as fast as possible, to get it over with. They want out. But most people aren’t willing to challenge the authority, flimsy though it is. More than that, it’s as if they don’t have the right to. As if having agreed to be involved, they have renounced their right to object and all responsibility for their own actions. As if the other participant, having agreed to be involved, had no right to object to potentially lethal pain.

    If I recall correctly, the hypothesis Milgram was trying to prove was that the Holocaust was not carried out by monsters. It was masterminded by monsters, if you ask me. But the people carrying it out, doing the paperwork, making the millions of small decisions that were part the horror that was still reeling when this experiment was conducted were just ordinary paper pushers, doing what they were asked to do.

  • Hannah says:

    An interesting note about the experiment though. A few of the original subjects were med students. They stopped the experiment. I’m not sure if it was absolutely all of them, but I think so. There was some speculation that this had something to do with empathy or self-confidence. Personally, I think they stopped because they knew what those electrical shocks would do to a living body. Unlike the rest of the participants, who only had a vague idea that they hurt, med students would know what would happen to the tissue and what damage they were inflicting.

  • Sky Peace says:

    I still think the Zimbardo prison experiment is more horrific than this one.

  • William Fortin says:

    @ Pete: If I remember correctly some of the people involved did suffer terrible psychological problems because of this experience. While others when the walked out, said that they wished they could do more. If you google for some of the videos its pretty awful what some of the subjects went through. Good choices Josh.

  • James Burns says:

    People are going to blindly do what some authority figure tells them to if they are condition to do so. This is because people by and large grew up in the Prussian education system. The U.S. public education system is precisely the same thing. It teaches people to be obedient rather than to think individually. If you don’t want your children to learn to think, send them to the government indoctrination camps. It will destroy their thinking to a certain extent.

  • padrock says:

    I’m pretty sure that in the original experiment, the tester could not see the subject, but could only hear them. The voice would get increasingly worse until a point where no sound came through the speaker at all. Also, the labels went from “Slight Shock” to “xxx.” They documented most of this on video, did you watch it?

  • jo says:

    This experiment was sited in a documentary I was recently watching on the whole Enron scandal and how it related to the lower folks on the totem pole doing what the upper mucky mucks told them to do no matter how wrong it was. When you put millions of dollars in peoples faces they will do even the most horrific things to other people to get at the money. They even had recordings of the traders (not traitors) on the phone laughing about shutting down the power grids in California to have these planned black outs so as to jack up the prices for “grandpa”. It’s amazing what people will do to others just because they are told, but even more astounding what they will do for money.

  • I really thought that Flowers for Algernon would take the #1 spot… that poor, poor mouse.

  • Sally Hurford says:

    I understand that this experiment was repeated but they substituted the humans ’students’ for puppy ’students’ in order to fully eliminate the doubt from the teachers minds that the students were acting. Most people happily electrocuted the puppies because thats what the man in the white coat with clipboard told them to do. Weird.

  • Will Prater says:

    a lot of the consience under authority undergoes a “guilt default swap” that the authority is the one making the decision and understands the consequences. that way you are just the instrument used by authority with out the responsibility of the results.

  • Nicolas J. says:

    This is sickening! How could people do that? Just because someone told you to do something you did it? What kind of sick thing is that? Like my mom used to tell me “so if he told you to jump off a cliff would you do it?” I mean I believe that if someone told me to give someone deadly shocks i would stop. Most certanly aqfter they were in real pain! This is messed up!

  • Rach Luchmun says:

    And that is why its called a “Horrific Psychological Experiment”

    I enjoyed reading the 5 of them in the sense that its good to know how little we actually know about humans – how they react in the experiments, and how they actually think of the experiments in the first place.

  • Rebecca Wake says:

    I’ve seen stuff about this experiment a few times, most recently an episode of BBC’s Horizon called “How Violent Are you?” Turns out we’re a lot more violent than we think, and our brains are wired to make being violent an enjoyable experience for us, and the chemicals released are addictive, leading for some people to become chronically violent. We’re also prone to obey authority figures, like the scientist in the scenario.

    I think in that context, such results shouldn’t really make us lose hope in humanity. It’s scary that most people administer the deadly shock, but at the same time if you consider that we’re hardwired towards violence and obedience to authority, the shocking part is that there are people who have strong enough moral standards as to where they don’t go through with it. We’d all like to think that in that situation we would stop the experiment, but without being placed in the experiment (without knowing about it) there’s really no way to know what you’d do. This experiment examines humanity at its most base level.

  • Alan Ing says:

    “This is sickening! How could people do that? Just because someone told you to do something you did it? What kind of sick thing is that? Like my mom used to tell me “so if he told you to jump off a cliff would you do it?” I mean I believe that if someone told me to give someone deadly shocks i would stop. Most certanly aqfter they were in real pain! This is messed up!”

    That’s what everyone thinks after seeing the results of this experiment, unfortunately if you were in their shoes you wouldn’t think like that.

    My theory is that people do things like this purely because someone else told them to is because we humans and social creatures and we like to bond with other people. And to form these social bonds we sometimes do what other people tell us to even if it goes against our own instincts. Then after a while the person starts to come up with excuses to justify themselves and remove some of their own guilt.

  • If I were there, I would probably trust the scientist and do it anyway. I mean, they’re scientist, in the 21st century…

  • Ben Ivey says:

    “Here’s the rub” … Good Shakespearean verbiage plug there! Was that from Macbeth?

  • Miriam says:

    “Rather than taking the results of his experiment to his grave, Milgram published them so we could all share in the despair.”

    not knowing is better?
    REALLY?
    what kind of person would rather not know about a personal flaw that may be hurting others just so they don’t have to experience personal discomfort? Yes there was trauma to the subjects, but that was never expected nor deliberately intended.

    do you think that this experiment only applies to laboratories or specific areas of history? No. It applies and is ACTIVE in our daily lives.

    Rather than have us not know he published the results so we would at least have a chance to not repeat the same horrible mistakes of history or set up checks and balances to prevent/lessen them.

  • looloof says:

    The most horrific thing about this experiment? Every few years someone decides he has to do it again – in one variation or another – and the results are always the same.

  • Daisho says:

    You are not the only person who reads Cracked.com, or more specifically
    http://www.cracked.com/article_16239_5-psychological-experiments-that-prove-humanity-doomed.html

    You know… the one about the “5 Psychological Experiments?”

  • Daisho says:

    After reading this article, I do apologize, it seem that it may not have been plagiarized. We have our articles stolen from all the time, and after reading just the top two entries and the title, and looking at the publishing date, I see I have erred.

    This article may or may not have been influenced by the Cracked article, but it seems a lot of independent research was performed.

    Once again, my apologies. Feel free to delete my responses.

  • Josh Clark says:

    Hey Daisho,

    No sweat. We take plagiarism seriously around here too. I can see where your ire would have been raised; the big problem, as I see it, is that there aren’t enough mad, antipathetic creative researchers performing experiments anymore. There’s a finite amount of horrific experiments, in other words.

    Also, I am a huge fan of Cracked.

  • [...] social psychologist probably more famous for his Stanford prison experiment (see Josh’s posts on horrific psychological experiments) was actually the guy behind what we now know as six degrees [...]

  • [...] social psychologist probably more famous for his shocking experiment  (see Josh’s posts on horrific psychological experiments) was actually the guy behind what we now know as six degrees [...]

  • Interesting…just think though, it could have been more devastating if Doctor White was involved lolz :)

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